A SCIENTIST'S INTERPRETATION OF REFERENCES TO EMBRYOLOGY IN THE QURAN

by Keith L. Moore, PhD., F.I.A.C.

The Department of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Canada

Statements referring to human reproduction and development are scattered throughout the Quran. It is only recently that the scientific meanings of some of these verses have been appreciated fully. The long delay in interpreting these correctly resulted mainly from inaccurate translations and commentaries and from a lack of awareness of scientific knowledge.

Interest in explanations of the verses of the Quran is not new. People used to ask the prophet Muhammad all sort of questions about the meaning of verses referring to human reproduction.  The Apostle's answers from the basis of the Hadith literature. 

The translations of the verses from the Quran which are interpreted in this paper were provided by Sheik Abdul Majid Zendani, a professor of Islamic Studies in King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

"He makes you in the wombs of your mothers in stages,

  one after another, in three veils of darkness."

This statement is from Sura 39:6

We do not know when it was realized that human beings underwent development in the uterus (womb), but the first known illustration of a fetus in the uterus was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century. In the 2nd century A.D., Galen described the placenta and fetal membranes in his book "On the Formation of the Foetus."

Consequently, doctors in the 7th century A.D. likely knew that the human embryo developed in the uterus. It is unlikely that they knew that it developed in stages, even though Aristotle had described the stages of development of the chick embryo in the 4th century B.C. The realization that the human embryo develops in stages was not discussed and illustrated until the 15th century.

After the microscope was discovered in the 17th century by Leeuwenhoek descriptions were made of the early stages if the chick embryos. The staging of human embryos was not described until the 20th century:  Streeter (1941) developed the first system of staging which has now been replace by a more accurate system proposed by O'Rahilly (1972)

"The three veils of darkness"

May refer to:

1- The anterior abdominal wall;

2- The uterine wall; and

3- The amniochorionic membrane. 

Although there are other interpretations of this statement, the one presented here seems the most logical from an embryological point of view.

"Then We placed him as a drop in a place of rest"

This statement is from Sura 23:13.

The drop of nutfah has been interpreted as the sperm or spermatozoon, but a more meaningful interpretation would be the zygote which divides to form a blastocyst which is implanted in the uterus ("a place of rest"). This interpretation is supported by another verse in the Quran which states that

"A human being is created from a mixed drop."

The zygote forms by the union of a mixture of the sperm and the ovum ("The mixed drop") 

"Then We made the drop into a leech-like structure."

This statement is from Sura 23:14. 

The word "alagah" refers to a leech or bloodsucker. This is an appropriate description of the human embryo from days 7-24 when it clings to the endometrium of the uterus, in the same way that a leech clings to the skin. Just as the leech derives blood from the host, the human embryo derives blood from the deciduas or pregnant endometrium. 

It is remarkable how much the embryo of 23-24 days resembles a leech. As there were no microscopes or lenses available in the 7th century, doctors would not have known that the human embryo had this leech-like appearance. In the early part of the fourth week, the embryo is just visible to the unaided eye because it is smaller than a kernel of wheat. 

"Then of that leech-like structure, We made a chewed lump."

This statement is also from Sura 23:14. 

The Arabic work "mudghah" means "chewed substance or chewed lump." 

Toward the end of the fourth week, the human embryo looks somewhat like a chewed lump of flesh. The chewed appearance results from the somites which resemble teeth marks. The somites represent the beginnings or primordial of the vertebrae.

"Then we made out of the chewed lump, bones and clothed the bones in flesh."

This continuation of Sura 23:14 indicate that out of the chewed lump stage, bones and muscles form. This is in accordance with embryological development. 

First the bones form as cartilage models and then the muscles (flesh) develop around them from the somatic mesoderm.

"Then we developed out of it another creature."

This next part of Sura 23:14 implies that the bones and muscles result in the formation of another creature. This may refer to the Human-like embryo that forms by the end of the eighth week. At this stage it has distinctive human characteristics and possesses the primordial of all the internal and external organs and parts. After the eighth week the human embryo is called a fetus. This may be the new creature to which the verse refers.

"And he gave you hearing and sight and feeling and understanding."

This part of Sura 32:9 indicates that the special senses of hearing, seeing, and feeling develop in this order, which is true. The primordial of the internal ears appear before the beginning of the eyes, and the brain (the site of understanding) differentiates last.

"Then out of a piece of chewed flesh, partly formed and partly unformed."

This part of Sura 22:5 seems to indicate that the embryo is composed of both differentiated and undifferentiated tissues. For example, when the cartilage bones are differentiated, the embryonic connective tissue or mesenchyme around them is undifferentiated. It later differentiates into the muscles and ligaments attached to the bones.

"And we cause whom We will to rest in the wombs for an appointed term."

This next part of Sura 22:5 seems to imply that God determines which embryos will remain in the uterus until full term. It is known that many embryos abort during the first month of development and that only about 30% of zygotes that form, develop into fetuses that survive until birth. This verse has also been interpreted to mean that God determines whether the embryo will develop into a boy or girl.

The interpretation of the verses in the Quran referring to human development would not have been possible in the 7th century AD, or even a hundred years ago. We can interpret them now because the science of modern Embryology affords us new understanding. Undoubtedly there are other verses in the Quran related to human development that will be understood in the future as our knowledge increases.

From: The Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, Vol. 18, Jan-June 1986, pp. 15-16